<< /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] Home rule was granted to Catalonia, with a local parliament and a president of its own. Germany, Italy and the Soviet Union signed on officially, but ignored the embargo. This was also why the Republicans would kill priests or employers who were not considered to personally have done anything wrong but were nonetheless seen as representing the old oppressive order that needed to be destroyed. >> La Conquête démocratique en Espagne. On 5 March 1939 the Republican army, led by the Colonel Segismundo Casado and the politician Julián Besteiro, rose against the prime minister Juan Negrín and formed the National Defence Council (Consejo Nacional de Defensa or CND) to negotiate a peace deal. /Parent 2 0 R 29 0 obj /Group << /Resources 6 0 R /Parent 2 0 R Neither side re-engineered the pre-war tax system; differences resulted from dramatic problems with tax collection in the Republican zone and from the course of the war, as more and more population was governed by the Nationalists. /Contents 139 0 R Meetings between Franco and Salazar played a fundamental role in this new political arrangement. /Type /Page << >> >> The units represented the largest foreign contingent of those fighting for the Republicans. They claimed to represent 53 nations. >> /Contents 366 0 R >> >> /CS /DeviceRGB /Parent 2 0 R >> [253] Two days after relieving the siege, Franco proclaimed himself Caudillo ("chieftain", the Spanish equivalent of the Italian Duce and the German Führer—meaning: 'director') while forcibly unifying the various and diverse Falangist, Royalist and other elements within the Nationalist cause. /Parent 2 0 R [267], The "War in the North" began in mid-March, with the Biscay Campaign. [247] The diversion to Toledo gave Madrid time to prepare a defense, but was hailed as a major propaganda victory and personal success for Franco. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> [246] On 15 September San Sebastián, home to a divided Republican force of anarchists and Basque nationalists, was taken by Nationalist soldiers. /S /Transparency /I true >> Roughly 40,000 foreign nationals fought with the Brigades, though no more than 18,000 were in the conflict at any given time. /Resources 6 0 R /S /Transparency It included strong provisions enforcing a broad secularisation of the Catholic country, which included the abolishing of Catholic schools and charities, which many moderate committed Catholics opposed. /S /Transparency /Group << >> /Annots [342 0 R 343 0 R 344 0 R 345 0 R] endobj 2 0 obj /CS /DeviceRGB /Type /Page ; Jackson, Gabriel (1965). After the proclamation by Marshal Philippe Pétain of the Vichy regime, the refugees became political prisoners, and the French police attempted to round up those who had been liberated from the camp. /S /Transparency 108 0 obj [162] The clandestine actions of the various European powers were, at the time, considered to be risking another world war, alarming antiwar elements across the world. /First 115 0 R [172], Hitler's policy for Spain was shrewd and pragmatic. 89–90, Casanova, Julián. /CS /DeviceRGB [411], Thirty-eight thousand people were killed in the Republican zone during the war, 17,000 of whom were killed in Madrid or Catalonia within a month of the coup. Although a Non-Intervention Committee was formed, its policies accomplished little and its directives were ineffective. endobj /Annots [347 0 R] >> /Group << Francisco Largo Caballero declared that "the organized proletariat will carry everything before it and destroy everything until we reach our goal". endobj /Parent 2 0 R [247] The new leadership began to unify central command in the republican zone. >> The socialist and liberal republicans won almost all the provincial capitals, and following the resignation of Aznar's government, King Alfonso XIII fled the country. [138] The total number of Spaniards serving in the Nationalist units is estimated at "nearly 1 million men",[137] though earlier works claimed a total of 1.26 million Nationalists (including non-Spaniards).[139]. In 1944, a group of republican veterans, who also fought in the French resistance against the Nazis, invaded the Val d'Aran in northwest Catalonia, but were defeated after 10 days. >> [note 53] Foreign scholars, especially Anglo-Saxon historians, are more willing to offer some general estimates, though some have revised their projections, usually downward,[note 54] and the figures vary from 1 million to 250,000. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /I true /Annots [297 0 R] /CS /DeviceRGB [309] In the Republican zone fiscal revenues in 1937 dropped to some 25% of revenues recorded in the proportional area in 1935, but recovered slightly in 1938. /I true /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Resources 6 0 R /S /Transparency endobj 181–251. /Resources 6 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Contents 354 0 R /Type /Page /Annots [236 0 R] [56][57] Some monarchists joined with the then fascist-nationalist Falange Española y de las JONS ("Falange") to help achieve their aims. >> << But he was not at home, so they went to the house of José Calvo Sotelo, a leading Spanish monarchist and a prominent parliamentary conservative. [74] He was respected in the Army of Africa, the Army's toughest troops. /S /Transparency /I true [276] Gijón finally fell in late October in the Asturias Offensive. Thus they fared poorly in combat, particularly against the professional Army of Africa armed with modern weapons, ultimately contributing to Franco's rapid advance. /CS /DeviceRGB )[97], Assault Guard Captain Fernando Condés was a close personal friend of Castillo. /Type /Page >> Following internal conflict between Republican factions in Madrid in the same month, Franco entered the capital and declared victory on 1 April 1939. << /I true /ExtGState << 70 0 obj endobj 23 0 obj [293], After the end of the war, there were harsh reprisals against Franco's former enemies. /Group << While some Nationalist leaders did oppose the bombing of the city – for example, Generals Yagüe and Moscardó, who were noted for being nonconformists, protested against the indiscriminate destruction – other Nationalist leaders, often those of a fascist persuasion, approved of the bombings which they saw as necessary to "cleanse" Barcelona. A decree in July 1931 increased overtime pay and several laws in late 1931 restricted whom landowners could hire. 6 (2016): 965–988. /Parent 2 0 R /CS /DeviceRGB He put this stand into practice by various means, including organizing agricultural workers to maintain food supplies, and through humanitarian work with war refugees. Diaz's republican government initiated numerous reforms to, in their view, modernize the country. 92 0 obj /CS /DeviceRGB A large number of the executed were done so for their political activities or positions they held under the Republic during the war, though those who committed their own killings under the Republic were also amongst executed as well. /S /Transparency [237], Many Americans volunteered and arrived in Spain in 1937. %PDF-1.4 << [401], In the Andalusian town of Ronda, 512 suspected Nationalists were executed in the first month of the war. endobj Guerre civile espagnole Nuestra Guerra, disent les espagnols en évoquant la guerre civile qui as ensanglanté l’Espagne du 18 juillet 1936 au 1er avril 1939 . 52 0 obj /S /Transparency The capture of Gipuzkoa isolated the Republican provinces in the north. /Group << Leading works of sculpture include Alberto Sánchez Pérez's El pueblo español tiene un camino que conduce a una estrella ("The Spanish People Have a Path that Leads to a Star"), a 12.5 m monolith constructed out of plaster representing the struggle for a socialist utopia;[419] Julio González's La Montserrat, an anti-war work which shares its title with a mountain near Barcelona, is created from a sheet of iron which has been hammered and welded to create a peasant mother carrying a small child in one arm and a sickle in the other. << [418], The 1930s also saw Spain become a focus for pacifist organisations, including the Fellowship of Reconciliation, the War Resisters League, and the War Resisters' International. << /Parent 2 0 R Casanova, Julián. La guerre d’Espagne, est un conflit qui opposa le camp des « nationalistes » à celui des « républicains ».Elle se déroula de juillet 1936 à avril 1939 et s’acheva par la défaite des républicains et l’établissement de la dictature de Francisco Franco, qui conserva le pouvoir absolu jusqu’à sa mort en 1975. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> /CS /DeviceRGB << /Contents 161 0 R [202], Significant numbers of volunteers came from France (10,000), Nazi Germany and Austria (5,000), and Italy (3,350). /Type /Page [148], The Nationalist side included the Carlists and Alfonsists, Spanish nationalists, the fascist Falange, and most conservatives and monarchist liberals. /Annots [291 0 R] Cambridge University Press, 2020, pp. << /I true /Parent 2 0 R /CS /DeviceRGB Of the eighteen division generals, only four rebelled (of the four division generals without postings, two rebelled and two remained loyal). /Group << [401] Air raids committed against Republican cities were another driving factor. /CS /DeviceRGB In Madrid, the rebels were hemmed into the Cuartel de la Montaña siege, which fell with considerable bloodshed. 79 0 obj 68 0 obj Despite Stalin's interest in aiding the Republicans, the quality of arms was inconsistent. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] [200] Attractive names were deliberately chosen, such as Garibaldi Battalion in Italy or Abraham Lincoln Battalion in the United States. /Resources 6 0 R /Type /Page /Group << highest considered estimate, Bowen, Wayne H. (2006), delta between the total number of deaths recorded in 1936–1939 and the total which would have resulted from extrapolating average annual death total from the 1926–1935 period, Ortega, Silvestre (2006), p. 76. does not include post-war losses, Payne, Stanley G. (2012). Franco established a dictatorship in which all right-wing parties were fused into the structure of the Franco regime. [410], The Republicans also conducted their own bombing attacks on cities, such as the bombing of Cabra, and in fact conducted more indiscriminate air raids on cities and civilian targets than the Nationalists. [193], Romanian volunteers were led by Ion Moța, deputy-leader of the Iron Guard ("Legion of the Archangel Michael"), whose group of Seven Legionaries visited Spain in December 1936 to ally their movement with the Nationalists. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> [184], Just a few days before the end of the Spanish Civil War, on 17 March 1939, Portugal and Spain signed the Iberian Pact, a non-aggression treaty that marked the beginning of a new phase in Iberian relations. endobj "The Roman salute characteristic of Italian fascism was first adopted by the PNE and the JONS, later spreading to the Falange and other extreme right groups, before it became the official salute in Franco's Spain. /I true By the end of the war the Lincoln Battalion had lost 22.5% of its strength. La Guerre civile espagnole (1936-1939), ou Guerre d’Espagne, est sans doute le plus important conflit internationaliste du XX e siècle. It officially endorsed the boycott and expelled a faction that demanded support for the Republican cause; but it finally voiced some support to Loyalists. >> /Type /Page /Resources 6 0 R [169] In total, Italy provided the Nationalists with 660 planes, 150 tanks, 800 artillery pieces, 10,000 machine guns, and 240,000 rifles. 16 0 obj [101] However, the kidnapping and murder of Sotelo transformed the "limping conspiracy" into a revolt that could trigger a civil war. /Type /Page Les théâtres de la guerre civile espagnole (1936-1939) figurent sur les itinéraires de visites guidées dans plusieurs régions du pays, raconte le site de gauche InfoLibre. /Contents 268 0 R [286] On 27 February, the United Kingdom and France recognized the Franco regime. [54] Alejandro Lerroux of the Radical Republican Party (RRP) formed a government, reversing changes made by the previous administration[55] and granting amnesty to the collaborators of the unsuccessful uprising by General José Sanjurjo in August 1932. /Contents 375 0 R /Contents 265 0 R [307] As in the mid-1930s the Spanish GDP was much smaller than the Italian, French or British ones,[308] and as in the Second Republic the annual defence and security budget was usually around $0,13bn (total annual governmental spendings were close to $0.65bn),[note 6] wartime military expenditures put huge strain on the Spanish economy. [74] Franco was a key player because of his prestige as a former director of the military academy and as the man who suppressed the Asturian miners' strike of 1934. /S /Transparency /CS /DeviceRGB Despite receiving the most votes, CEDA was denied cabinet positions for nearly a year. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Contents 203 0 R Included were sections of Latin American and Irish volunteers, organized as the Centuria Guttieras and the Connolly Column, respectively. [288] Negrín fled to France on 6 March,[289] but the Communist troops around Madrid rose against the junta, starting a brief civil war within the civil war. Tarragona fell on 15 January,[284] followed by Barcelona on 26 January[285] and Girona on 2 February. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /S /Transparency [90] However, Mola's program was vague and only a rough sketch, and there were disagreements among coupists about their vision for Spain. [35] In May, an incident where a taxi driver was attacked outside a monarchist club sparked anti-clerical violence throughout Madrid and south-west Spain. /I true The Spanish Nationalists, in contrast, imposed a puritanically terrorist order on the populace in their territory. [123] Republicans controlled under half of the rifles and about a third of both machine guns and artillery pieces. [89] However, the separation of church and state was forgotten once the conflict assumed the dimension of a war of religion, and military authorities increasingly deferred to the Church and to the expression of Catholic sentiment. /Resources 6 0 R Cambridge University Press, 2010, p. 141. Such was the extent of the killings of civilians that General Mola was taken aback by them, despite his own planning emphasising the need for violence; early in the conflict he had ordered a group of leftist militiamen to be immediately executed, only to change his mind and rescind the order. [337] Julius Ruiz contends that, "Although the figures remain disputed, a minimum of 37,843 executions were carried out in the Republican zone, with a maximum of 150,000 executions (including 50,000 after the war) in Nationalist Spain". /Resources 6 0 R >> /Contents 145 0 R [202] The Thälmann Battalion, a group of Germans, and the Garibaldi Battalion, a group of Italians, distinguished their units during the Siege of Madrid. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] << /Resources 6 0 R [119] While the militias that rose to meet the rebels were often untrained and poorly armed (possessing only a small number of pistols, shotguns and dynamite), this was offset by the fact that the rebellion was not universal. [200][201] From August onward aid started to be sent from Russia, over one ship per day arrived at Spain's Mediterranean ports carrying munitions, rifles, machine guns, hand grenades, artillery and trucks. /Resources 6 0 R 63 0 obj /Type /Page /Resources 6 0 R 101 0 obj /Count 108 40 0 obj /Contents 349 0 R << /Parent 2 0 R /Parent 2 0 R >> /I true /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> /I true including 285,000 KIA, 125,000 civilians "due to war directed causes", 200,000 malnutrition., Sandler, Stanley (2002).
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